What does physical force refer to in a law enforcement context?

Physical force in a law enforcement context refers specifically to the actual exercise of kinetic energy that raises the risk of bodily harm. This definition encompasses a range of actions taken by law enforcement officers that involve direct physical interaction with individuals, such as using hands-on techniques to subdue or arrest a suspect. The concept of kinetic energy highlights the tangible and measurable aspect of physical force, emphasizing how it can result in injury or harm during encounters or situations where officers must exert control to maintain safety.

Using firearms and ammunition falls under a more specific category of force but does not wholly encapsulate the broader definition of physical force, which includes various forms of physical engagement. Similarly, verbal commands and the mere presence of officers do not involve the physical exertion of force necessary for the definition at hand, as they rely on communication or psychological deterrent effects rather than physical intervention.